Natural Options to Reverse Parkinsons Symptoms

Author: manabunnow4zph (Page 1 of 41)

Two Simple Suggestions to Support Recovery

What are two simple suggestions to support recovery from Parkinsons?The vast number of natural therapies documented by Parkinsons Recovery that support recovery is indeed overwhelming. So many choices! Which ones offer the greatest possibility of relief for you?

The challenge for everyone is that no option – whether a prescription medicine, surgery or natural treatment helps everyone celebrate recovery. Most people celebrate relief from symptoms for many of the options but not everyone. It comes down to the challenge of deciding which treatment options are most likely to benefit you.

Two Simple Suggestions to Support Recovery

I asked Dr. Bruce Fife, ND, to offer two (and only two) suggestions among the many that are available that he suggests would be most likely to benefit the most people. Here is his unexpected answer:

First, add coconut oil to your diet. Start with 1 tablespoon a day added to food. Gradually Increase to 5 tablsspoons a day.

Second, adopt a low carb diet. With Parkinsons the brain has difficulty processing glucose. Ketones are the much preferred food for the brain.

Might I add that the cost of these two suggestions is minimal relative to the anticipated benefit. I say go for it!

Robert Rodgers PhD
Founder 2004
Parkinsons Recovery®
https://www.parkinsonsrecovery.com
Road to Recovery from Parkinsons Disease

Pioneers of Recovery from Parkinsons

Pioneers of Recovery from Parkinsons offer rich insights into what it takes to celebrate relief from Parkinson’s symptoms. The ten individuals featured in discovered different ways to reverse their Parkinson’s symptoms.

Pioneers of Recovery from Parkinsons print book is available on Amazon here: Pioneers of Recovery

Your download is not automated. It usually takes a few hours to receive it in your email or the next day it you order during the evening.

About Pioneers of Recovery from Parkinsons

Below are minute long clips from the Pioneers of Recovery who offer rich insights into their recovery process. Causes of their symptoms varied considerably. Their approaches to recovery were all very different. 

Bianca on Recovery

Cheryl on Recovery

Daniel on Recovery

Gord on Recovery

Howard on Recovery

Karl on Recovery

Lexie on Recovery

Lydia on Recovery

Marian on Recovery

Discover the details of how each pioneer reversed their symptoms which are documented in Pioneers of Recovery available on Amazon.

Or better yet, listen to my interviews with each of the pioneers. You will be inspired by the many options that make recovery possible

Robert Rodgers PhD
Founder 2004
Parkinsons Recovery
https://www.parkinsonsrecovery.com
robert@parkinsonsrecovery.com

Curcumin Treatment for Parkinsons

Studies published in 2026 pinpoint the value of a curumin treatment for Parkinsons.

What is Curcumin?

Curcumin is a spice used often in Indian, Asian and Middle Eastern cuisines for its earthy earthy flavor. Added often to curries, stews, rice and marinades. It is also widely used in health-focused cooking for its anti-inflammatory properties. 

It is actually an extract from Turmeric which is also a flavorful spice that offers gentle detoxes when added to food. Turmeric contains a variety compounds.  Curcumin is one of those compounds with health benefits because of its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Turmeric contains only up to 8% curcumin which makes curcumin supplements and spices far more concentrated than Tumeric. 

I received the following email reporting positive results from using curcumin to address dementia challenges.

 

Anyone out there using turmeric or curcumin with good results? We’re trying this spice that crosses the blood brain barrier, giving 200 mg to 700 mg at least 3x per day for dementia/Alzheimer. So far, seeing some good results.

Studies Published in 2026 Finding Benefits of Curcumin Treatment for Parkinsons

Front Pharmacol. 2026 Mar 9:17:1779921. Pharmacological effects and mechanisms of curcumin in animal models of Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

Background: Curcumin has been demonstrated to possess promising neuroprotective potential in Parkinson’s disease; however, its overall effects remain inconclusive, and its multiple mechanisms of action have not been systematically summarized.

Objective: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the pharmacological effects of curcumin in animal models of Parkinson’s disease and to investigate its potential mechanisms involving antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects, thereby providing a theoretical basis for its potential clinical application in Parkinson’s disease.

Methods: A comprehensive search of four databases (EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library) up to August 2025 identified 31 eligible studies involving a total of 552 animals. Methodological quality was assessed using the SYRCLE risk of bias tool. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) were calculated to evaluate the effects of curcumin on motor function, neurochemistry, inflammation, and oxidative stress in animal models of Parkinson’s disease.

Results: The results demonstrated that curcumin intervention improved motor function in animal models of Parkinson’s disease, as evidenced by increased locomotor distance in the open field test (SMD = 1.25) and elevated mean velocity (SMD = 1.42), prolonged latency to fall in the rotarod test (SMD = 2.49), shortened descent time in the pole test (SMD = -1.16), and reduced traversal time on the balance beam (SMD = -2.27). Curcumin exhibited neuroprotective effects through increasing the number of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells (SMD = 2.12), maintaining dopamine levels (SMD = 4.11), and elevating 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid concentrations (SMD = 3.15). Regarding anti-inflammatory effects, curcumin significantly reduced multiple inflammatory markers, including interleukin-6 (SMD = -4.73), interleukin-1? (SMD = -3.30), tumor necrosis factor-? (SMD = -3.19), and nitric oxide (SMD = -4.91). With respect to antioxidant activity, curcumin significantly reduced malondialdehyde levels (SMD = -4.69) while increasing the activities of superoxide dismutase (SMD = 3.90), glutathione (SMD = 2.08), and catalase (SMD = 2.00).

Conclusion: Curcumin demonstrates significant neuroprotective effects in Parkinson’s disease animal models, improving motor deficits and neuronal integrity likely through multi-target mechanisms involving anti-inflammatory and antioxidant pathways.

******

Drug Des Devel Ther. 2026 Jan 22:20:566113. Therapeutic Efficacy of Curcumin Nanoparticles in Parkinson’s Disease: An Integrated Analysis of Network Pharmacology, Experimental Validation, and Gut Microbiota

Abstract

Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) ranks as the second most common neurodegenerative condition globally, with a rising occurrence alongside the aging demographic. Previous studies have demonstrated that curcumin monomers can alleviate PD symptoms and slow disease progression, whereas nano-drug delivery systems significantly improve their bioavailability. Notably, gut microbiota imbalance significantly contributes to the onset and advancement of PD; however, the mechanisms by which curcumin nanoparticles produce their therapeutic impact on PD are not yet well understood.

Materials and methods: Initially, network pharmacology was tapped to forecast the probable targets and signaling routes for curcumin in combating Parkinson’s Disease. Later on, molecular docking techniques and molecular dynamics experiments were utilized to substantiate its binding effectiveness. Curcumin nanoparticles were synthesized via the emulsion-solvent evaporation technique. After establishing PD models, multidimensional validation was performed using behavioral experiments, serological assays, Western blotting, hematoxylin-eosin staining, and 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) sequencing.

Results: Network pharmacology analysis revealed that curcumin acts through multiple targets and pathways. In vivo experiments demonstrated that curcumin nanoparticles enhanced motor capabilities in Parkinson’s disease mice, bolstered antioxidant enzyme levels, alleviated oxidative stress, and inhibited neuronal apoptosis via the Akt signaling pathway. Histopathological analysis showed significant improvements in the number and arrangement of neurons in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) region. Furthermore, remodeling of the gut microbiota and metabolic regulation alleviated neuroinflammation and enhanced neuroprotection.

Conclusion: Curcumin nanoparticles inhibit neuronal apoptosis by activating the Akt signaling pathway and, while also remodeling the gut microbiota microenvironment, collectively ameliorate PD pathology. This study provides pharmacological evidence that curcumin nanoparticle therapy mediates its therapeutic actions through multiple mechanisms, and identifies potential therapeutic targets for PD treatment.

Robert Rodgers PhD
Founder 2004
Parkinsons Recovery ®
Road to Recovery from Parkinsons Disease

Parkinson’s: A BioAcoustic Perspective

Posted below is the fascinating article – Parkinson’s: A BioAcoustic Perspective – written by Sharry Edwards from Sound Health Options. The article presents findings from the BioAcoustic analysis for three individuals diagnosed with Parkinsons. This analysis reveals three very different causes.

Sharry’s research over the past several decades has identified more than a set of three factors that cause symptoms of Parkinsons. The Sound Health Options list of causes is quite extensive indeed. It includes among others …

  • Allergies – especially to milk protein and gluten
  • Lyme disease
  • Peripheral neuropathy due to the measles virus
  • Tetanus
  • Inability to use glycine
  • Lack of glutathione
  • Stiff man syndroms
  • Lack of receptors for some amino acids
  • Trauma
  • Emotional

Sharry uses analysis of voice profiles to determine causes. For more information about her revolutionary and groundbreaking approach and to obtain an anlysis of your voice profile visit:

https://www.soundhealthoptions.com

Or simply call her office which is located in Albany Ohio: 740-698-9119

Below is the article she recently published:

Parkinson’s: A BioAcoustic Perspective: Breaking the Sound Barrier of Parkinson’s Disease by Sharry Edwards


Abstract

Parkinson’s disease is traditionally defined as a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by dopamine depletion and motor dysfunction. However, emerging evidence—supported by BioAcoustic vocal analysis—suggests that Parkinson’s may not be a singular disease entity, but rather a collection of distinct biological breakdown patterns that converge into similar symptoms.

This paper presents three case-based profiles demonstrating fundamentally different underlying mechanisms of Parkinson’s, as identified through frequency-based vocal analysis. These findings suggest a paradigm shift: Parkinson’s may be better understood as a pattern of expression rather than a single disease, requiring individualized identification and intervention.


Introduction: The Limits of a Single Diagnosis

Parkinson’s disease has long been associated with:

  • Loss of dopaminergic neurons
  • Tremors, rigidity, and slowed movement
  • Progressive neurological decline

While these symptoms are consistent, the cause is not.

Patients with identical diagnoses often respond differently to the same treatments. This inconsistency suggests that Parkinson’s may arise from multiple biological pathways—each requiring a different approach.

BioAcoustic Biology proposes that the human voice is a real-time representation of physiological function, reflecting biochemical, neurological, and structural changes. Through vocal analysis, it becomes possible to identify which system is breaking down—not just that a breakdown exists.


Methodology: Listening to Biology

Using BioAcoustic vocal profiling, three individuals diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease were evaluated. Each voice sample was analyzed across multiple biological layers, including:

  • Neurotransmitter function
  • Immune signaling
  • Detoxification pathways
  • Structural and muscular integrity

Despite sharing a common diagnosis, each individual demonstrated a distinct underlying pattern of dysfunction.


Case Study 1: The Gut–Immune–Neuroinflammation Pathway

Primary Features

  • Intestinal permeability (“leaky gut”)
  • Elevated inflammatory markers (Interleukin-17)
  • Tetanus-related bacterial signaling
  • Disruption of glutathione and glycine metabolism

Mechanism

In this case, the origin appears to begin in the gut:

Breakdown of the intestinal barrier ? immune activation ? systemic inflammation ? neuroinflammation ? motor symptoms

Interleukin-17, a pro-inflammatory cytokine, is known to promote neuroinflammation and disrupt the blood-brain barrier. Combined with impaired detoxification (glutathione dysfunction), this creates a biochemical environment that may damage dopaminergic neurons.

Clinical Implication

This type of Parkinson’s may be driven primarily by:

  • Immune dysregulation
  • Gut integrity failure
  • Chronic inflammatory signaling

Case Study 2- Thom: The Toxic–Oxidative Stress Pathway

Primary Features

  • Severe systemic toxicity
  • Widespread glutathione pathway disruption
  • Oxidative stress overload
  • Impaired cellular energy production

Mechanism

This profile reflects a breakdown in the body’s ability to detoxify:

Toxic burden ? glutathione depletion ? oxidative stress ? mitochondrial damage ? neuronal degeneration

Glutathione, a critical antioxidant, is central to neutralizing free radicals. In this case, multiple enzymes responsible for glutathione synthesis and utilization were compromised, indicating a system-wide failure of detoxification.

Clinical Implication

This type of Parkinson’s may be driven primarily by:

  • Environmental or metabolic toxicity
  • Antioxidant depletion
  • Mitochondrial dysfunction

Case Study 3- John: The Neurotransmitter–Structural Breakdown Pathway

Primary Features

  • Acetylcholine receptor dysfunction
  • Glycine receptor disruption
  • Impaired dopaminergic neuron support (GDNF pathway)
  • Muscle structure and nerve repair deficits

Mechanism

Here, the issue is not primarily immune or toxic, but neurological signaling and repair:

Neurotransmitter receptor dysfunction ? impaired signaling ? reduced neuron support ? failed repair mechanisms ? motor dysfunction

The GDNF (Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor) pathway, essential for the survival of dopaminergic neurons, appears compromised. Simultaneously, structural proteins responsible for muscle coordination and nerve integrity show dysfunction.

Clinical Implication

This type of Parkinson’s may be driven primarily by:

  • Neurotransmitter imbalance
  • Failure of neuronal support systems
  • Structural degeneration of muscle and nerve tissue

Comparative Analysis: One Disease, Three Origins

These three cases reveal a critical insight:

          PathwayPrimary DriverKey System
          Gut–ImmuneInflammation (IL-17)         Immune + Digestive
         Toxic–OxidativeGlutathione failure         Detox + Mitochondria
          Neurotransmitter–                   StructuralSignaling breakdown          Nervous + Muscular

Despite identical diagnoses, the root causes differ dramatically.


Discussion: Rethinking Parkinson’s

The current medical model treats Parkinson’s as a uniform condition, often focusing on dopamine replacement. While this may address symptoms, it does not address cause.

These findings suggest:

  • Parkinson’s is a multi-origin condition
  • Symptoms are shared endpoints, not shared beginnings
  • Effective intervention must be pathway-specific

BioAcoustic analysis offers a unique advantage: it identifies dysfunction at the level of pattern and frequency, before structural damage becomes irreversible.


Conclusion: A New Model of Understanding

Parkinson’s disease may not be a single disease—but rather a collection of biological failures that sound the same.

If this is true, then:

  • Diagnosis must evolve beyond symptom classification
  • Treatment must become individualized
  • Early detection must focus on functional change, not structural damage

The human voice may provide a key to this shift—offering a non-invasive, real-time window into the body’s internal state.


Author Perspective

For over four decades, BioAcoustic Biology has explored the relationship between sound, structure, and physiology. The voice is not merely a tool for communication—it is a mathematical expression of the body’s current condition.

By learning to interpret this expression, we may move toward a future where disease is identified and addressed before it fully manifests.

COMPARATIVE SUMMARY (VERY IMPORTANT)

MechanismClient 1Client 2Client 3
Gut involvementStrong              
Immune / IL-17Strong    MildPossible
ToxicityModerate     Severe Secondary
Glutathione(dominant)
Neurotransmitter receptorsStrong
Dopamine neuron support (GDNF) Strong
Structural/muscle degenerationStrong

“We won’t have a cure for diseases until we first have a cure for greed.”

                                                                         Dr. Sachin Patel

Robert Rodgers PhD
Founder 2004
Parkinsons Recovery
Road to Recovery from Parkinsons Disease

Meaning of Numbers on Fruit Stickers

What is the meaning of numbers on fruit stickers? Is that lemon you are thinking of buying at the grocery store really organic?

Numbers on fruit stickers at grocery stores have either 4 or 5 digits. If the fruit you are about to place into your grocery cart has a 4-digit code, might I suggest you leave the fruit on the grocery shelves. Four digit stickers mean that the fruit was grown using pesticides, fertilizers and other toxic chemicals.

If the code on your fruit is a 5-digit number, there are two possibilities. One is good and the other is not. If the 5-digit code begins with a 9, it shows that the produce was grown organically. Great, That is the preferred option.

If the code begins with an 8, it means that the fruit has been genetically modified. Best to pass on that option given widespread concerns about the dangers of genetically modified foods which have been banned in Europe. Over 19 countries, including France, Germany, and Italy have banned the cultivation of GMO crops

Now a caution is in order. Even if the fruit was grown organically – no harmful toxins applied – there still may be an accumulation of toxins from the soil.

The best option of all is to buy foods with no stickers from local farmers. Visit your local farmers market often. Befriend local farmers who grow their crops organically. You will enjoy the experience and best of all you will begin to feel better too.

A final note on the impact of stickers on food. The study below finds that young people do not make choices based on labeling whether a food was genetically modified or not. I recommend that everyone – young and old – take the labeling on food stickers into consideration when making purchase decisions.

Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Feb 11;18(4):1761. GMO Food Labels Do Not Affect College Student Food Selection, Despite Negative Attitudes towards GMOs

Abstract

US Public Law 114-216 dictates that food producers in the United States of America will be required to label foods containing genetically modified organisms (GMOs) starting in 2022; however, there is little empirical evidence demonstrating how U.S. consumers would use food labels that indicate the presence or absence of GMOs.

The aim of this two-phase study was to determine how attitudes towards GMOs relate to food choices and how labels indicating the presence or absence of GMOs differentially impact choices among college students-the age group which values transparent food labeling more than any other. Participants (n = 434) made yes/no choices for each of 64 foods. In both phases of the study, participants were randomly assigned to seeing GMO Free labels, contains GMOs labels, or no GMO labels.

Across the two phases, 85% of participants reported believing that GMOs were at least somewhat dangerous to health (42% believed GMOs to be dangerous), yet in both studies, although eye-tracking data verified that participants attended to the GMO labels, these labels did not significantly affect food choices. Although college consumers may believe GMOs to be dangerous, their food choices do not reflect this belief.

Robert Rodgers PhD
Founder 2004
Parkinsons Recovery ®
Road to Recovery from Parkinsons Disease

Acemannan Benefits for Parkinsons

What are the best natural remedies for Parkinson’s symptoms? Many centuries ago Hippocrates knew the answer to this question:

“Let your food by your medicine and your medicine be your food.”

Food is the best medicine when compared to all the options. It is a natural remedy with no side effects that is more effective than taking dozens of supplements every day.

Of course it depends on what food we are talking about here. The typical American diet acidifies the body which leads to chronic illnesses like Parkinsons. The ability to buffer acidity is exhausted by the young age of 45.

Worse, acidic bodies significantly reduce oxygen levels. Without sufficient oxygen circulating through the body, chronic illness can not be reversed.

Researchers have recently discovered that a specific extract from the aloe vera plant boosts the immune system and reduces inflammation. Both issues are well known to be a cause of Parkinson’s symptoms.

There is no doubt about it. The most effective medicines with no side effects are derived from plants. Extracts from certain foods heal a variety of conditions including Parkinsons and Alzheimers. They do not address neurological symptoms specifically but provide support for the body’s ability to heal from the inside out rather than suppressing symptoms temporarily.

We all know on some level that the aloe plant heals burns and cuts, but the health benefits from a specific extract derived from Aloe turn out to be far greater than wound healing alone.

Researchers have named this extract Acemannan. Its health benefits are considerable including it …

  • Reduces inflammation
  • Has a molecular structure similar to a mother’s milk which offers support needed by newborns to thrive
  • Helps regulate the immune system by stimulating one that is under-active and depressing one that is over-active
  • Supports the function of a healthy gut
  • Repairs cellular damage
  • Facilitates the creation of new stem cells
  • Stimulates the production of glutathione

As a natural food the extract of Acemannan from the Aloe plant has no documented side effects.

Visit the replay link below of a presentation by Kari Skinner who discusses the healing properties of Acemannan. Her focus is on how this extract in particular offers the potential to help persons currently confronting neurological symptoms.

Aloe has Magical Properties of Healing

I recommend this natural treatment option for Parkinsons be given serious consideration. It supports the ability of the body to heal rather than simply suppressing symptoms with medicines and supplements for the rest of a person’s life.

For more information visit: alovea.com

Research on Acemannan

Pharmaceutics. 2023 Jul 9;15(7):1913. A New Biomaterial Derived from Aloe vera—Acemannan from Basic Studies to Clinical Application

Abstract

Aloe vera is a kind of herb rich in polysaccharides. Acemannan (AC) is considered to be a natural polysaccharide with good biodegradability and biocompatibility extracted from Aloe vera and has a wide range of applications in the biomedical field due to excellent immunomodulatory, antiviral, antitumor, and tissue regeneration effects.

In recent years, clinical case reports on the application of AC as a novel biomedical material in tissue regenerative medicine have emerged; it is mainly used in bone tissue engineering, pulp–dentin complex regeneration engineering, and soft tissue repair, among other operations. In addition, multiple studies have proved that the new composite products formed by the combination of AC and other compounds have excellent biological and physical properties.

Robert Rodgers PhD
Founder 2004
Parkinsons Recovery ®
https://www.blog.parkinsonsrecovery.com
robert@parkinsonsrecovery.com

One on One Mentoring Program

Make 2026 your best year ever by joining my one on one mentoring program. Imagine how differently you will feel after working together with me as we join together to fit together all the pieces of a successful recovery program.

Introducing my One on One  Mentorship Program – Your Personal Roadmap to Recovery from neurological challenges. To enroll in the program click on the registration link below.

One on One Mentoring with Robert

 My mentoring program is all about having the right plan of recovery customized specifically for your unique situation as you celebrate relief from Parkinsons with natural therapies and methods.

What is Included

1. Initial strategy session with me personally to flesh out the potential causes of your symptoms so we can identify therapies and treatments that can successfully address them. This is not some surface-level consultation. It is a deep dive into your specific history and situation. We evaluate what you have tried that did not succeed and what did help. We consider new options.  

2. Together we lay out a custom-crafted program of recovery created specifically for your situation.

3. With bimonthly hourly meetings (with a video type interface similar to Zoom or telephone/email contact), we review, update and revise your program of recovery. 

  • We review your progress since our last session
  • Identify and solve any roadblocks you have confronted.
  • Refine the recovery program based on real-world results documented by research
  • Help keep you on track with your program of recovery
  • Support your progress with new therapeutic and treatment options

4. Unlimited email access to me personally

Why Do I Offer One on One Mentoring

First – After nearly 22 years of researching the causes of Parkinsons and the natural therapies that can reverse them,  I have reached a point where my greatest satisfaction in life comes from seeing more and more individuals transform their health.

Second – The individuals I have been mentoring over recent months have been making remarkable progress. This warms my heart and soothes my soul to know that the ongoing attention and support is making a difference.

To claim one of the five enrollments available visit the registration link below.
One on One Mentoring with Robert

Robert Rodgers PhD
Founder 2004
Parkinsons Recovery®
https://www.parkinsonsrecovery.com

Why Detoxes Flop

OK. What is the reason why detoxes flop? Many people with Parkinsons tell me they are frustrated after detoxing for over a year with modest success.

The answer turns on the presence of low sulfur levels that derail the success of any detox program. The body loses its ability to process toxins and medications. Sulfur is needed to synthesize glutathione which is well documented to be seriously deficient in persons diagnosed with Parkinsons.

Glutathione binds to toxins such as heavy metals like mercury and aluminum for extraction from the body. Deficient levels of both sulfur and glutathione increase free radicals and cause cellular damage. 

To summarize – sulfur is a critical mineral required for the body’s major detoxification pathways. It plays an essential role in processing and eliminating toxins, medications, hormones, and neurotransmitters. When availability of sulfur is deficient, any detox protocol will be sidelined.

Foods Sources of Sulfur

Dietary sources of sulfur include protein-rich foods like meat, poultry, fish, eggs, and certain vegetables such as garlic and onions. Epsom salt (magnesium sulfate) baths are also a gentle way to absorb sulfate transdermally. 

Recent Research that Explains Why Detoxes Flop

Front Nutr. 2025 Apr 9:12:1534000. Natural sulfur compounds in mental health and neurological disorders: insights from observational and intervention studies

    Abstract

    Over the years, the global disease burden of neurological disorders (NDs) and mental disorders (MDs) has significantly increased, making them one of the most critical concerns and challenges to human health. In pursuit of novel therapies against MD and ND, there has been a growing focus on nutrition and health.

    Dietary sulfur, primarily derived from various natural sources, plays a crucial role in numerous physiological processes, including brain function. This review offers an overview of the chemical composition of several natural sources of the sulfur-rich substances such as isothiocyanates, sulforaphane, glutathione, taurine, sulfated polysaccharides, allyl sulfides, and sulfur-containing amino acids, all of which have neuroprotective properties.

    A multitude of studies have documented that consuming foods that are high in sulfur enhances brain function by improving cognitive parameters and reduces the severity of neuropathology by exhibiting antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties at the molecular level.

    In addition, the growing role of natural sulfur compounds in repairing endothelial dysfunction, compromising blood-brain barrier and improving cerebral blood flow, are documented here.

    This review covers the encouraging results of supplementing sulfur-rich diets in many animal models and clinical investigations, along with their molecular targets in MD, such as schizophrenia, depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, and autism spectrum disorder, and ND, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), and Multiple Sclerosis (MS).

    The prospects of natural sulfur compounds show great promise as they have potential applications in nutraceuticals, medicines, and functional foods to enhance brain function and prevent diseases.

    Robert Rodgers PhD
    Founder 2004
    Parkinsons Recovery®
    https://www.parkinsonsrecovery.com
    robert@parkinsonsrecovery.com

    Cause of Night Time Tremors

    Many individuals have problems with celebrating restful sleep at night because of tremors that keep them awake. What is the cause of night time tremors which keep people from getting a good night’s sleep?

    Many people think the problem of night time tremors is simply a result of a dopamine deficiency. Researchers have recently identified a very different reason for troublesome tremors at night time that keep many people with Parkinsons from getting restful sleeping at night.

    This happens to be an issue with the regulation of sugar levels in the blood which is well documented in the research to cause insomnia and sleep deficits.

    Low blood sugar levels at night time – a condition called hypoglycemic – contribute to a variety of symptoms including

    • Tremors
    • Nervousness
    • Sweating
    • Chills
    • Irritability
    • Fast heartbeat
    • Confusion
    • Headache

    Note the overlap of the symptoms of hypoglycemic listed above and those of Parkinsons which include among others tremors, anxiety, irritability, cognitive dysfunction and depression. The synergetic effect of these symptoms result in tremors that keep people awake in the evening or wake them up throughout during the night.

    Research Connecting Hypoglycemia with Parkinsons Symptoms

    Neurol Neurochir Pol. 2025;59(6):570-575. Episodes of hypoglycemia in patients with Parkinson’s disease – results of two-week continuous glucose monitoring

    Abstract

    Aim of the study: Recent evidence suggests that Parkinson’s disease (PD) and glucose metabolism disorders may share some common dysregulation pathways. This study sought to determine the incidence of hypoglycemic episodes in PD patients and identify associated risk factors for these events.

    Clinical rationale for the study: Hypoglycemia in PD, especially at night, is not well understood. This study quantified hypoglycemia in PD patients and identified autonomic dysfunction as a key risk factor, providing new insights for research into metabolic aspects of PD.

    Material and methods: Thirty-five patients diagnosed with PD and 20 control subjects underwent a study consisting of a clinical and biometric assessment and two weeks of continuous glucose monitoring using the Freestyle Libre system to detect episodic hypoglycemia.

    Results: Among PD patients, 18 (51.4%) had episodes of hypoglycemia, and 67.8% of the events occurred between 0:00 and 6:00 a.m. Compared to the control group, there were significantly more hypoglycemic episodes registered in PD patients (3.6/pt vs. 1.4/pt; p = 0.0006). Predictors of the occurrence of hypoglycemic episodes in the PD group were lower two-week average glycemic levels (OR: 0.85, p = 0.016), glycemic variability index (OR: 1.46, p = 0.02), and SCOPA-AUT scale score (OR: 1.23, p = 0.04).

    Conclusions and clinical implications: Patients with PD are at higher risk of hypoglycemic episodes, especially at night and in the morning. Patients with autonomic dysfunction are at risk for hypoglycemic episodes. Recognizing hypoglycemic episodes can enhance the management of PD by enabling targeted interventions aimed at reducing glycemic variability.

    Robert Rodgers PhD
    Founder 2004
    Parkinsons Recovery ®
    https://www.parkinsonsrecovery.com
    Road to Recovery from Parkinsons Disease
    https://www.parkinsonsdisease.me

    Betalains Health Benefits for Parkinsons

    What in the world is the connection between betalains and Parkinsons and furthermore, what are betalains health benefits for Parkinsons? Is this some type of new medicine coming out on the market?

    Answer: No. This is not a prescription medicine with side effects. This natural option is inspired by – of all people – Hippocrates who said: “Let your food be your medicine and your medicine by your food.”

    Betalains are the red-violet and yellow pigments that are naturally found in beets and a few other foods. How might this extract from beets offer benefits for persons diagnosed with Parkinsons? Consider this impressive list. Betalains health benefits include …

    • Reduce the biomarkers of inflammation
    • Fight fatigue
    • Increase energy
    • Support mental alertness
    • Detox the liver
    • Fight free radicals

    Purified betalains have been clinically shown to reduce inflammation by 47% and boost energy by more than 100$.

    I have two sources of additional information about betalains health benefits. First, an interview with Kari Skinner. Click on the zoom replay link below to watch my interview with her.

    Betalains and Parkinsons

    Second, studies are posted below that tout the advantages of taking betatains as a treatment for symptoms of Parkinsons. There is clearly increasing interest the value of food and in particular Betalains as a natural treatment for Parkinsons symptoms.

    Betalains Research

    Note on the reference to Betanins below. Betalains are the entire class of pigments. Betanin is one specific pigment molecule within this class.

    Metab Brain Dis. 2023 Mar;38(3):805-817. Traversing through the cell signaling pathways of neuroprotection by betanin: therapeutic relevance to Alzheimer’s Disease and Parkinson’s Disease

    Abstract

    Modulation of cell signaling pathways is the key area of research towards the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Cell signaling pathways are considered to play major role in the etiology and pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease.

    Strikingly, betanin is reported to show commendable anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects in several disease studies including Alzheimers and Parkinsons.

    The present review discusses the pre-clinical studies demonstrating the neuroprotective effects of betanin by virtue of its potential to ameliorate oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, abnormal protein aggregation and cell death. It highlights the direct linkage between the neuroprotective abilities of betanin and upregulation of signaling pathways.

    ******

    Int J Mol Sci. 2025 Oct 6;26(19):9726. Neuroprotective Effects of Betanin in a Mouse Model of Parkinson’s Disease: Behavioural and Neurotransmitter Pathway Insights

    Abstract

    The study aimed to evaluate the effect of betanin-a bioactive, natural pigment found in beetroot and prickly pear-on cognitive function, motor performance, and neurotransmission in a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease.

    Aged mice with Parkinsons like symptoms were pretreated with betanin (50 or 100 mg/kg b.w./day) via drinking water. Behavioural tests assessed motor skills, anxiety-related behaviour, and spatial memory. Biochemical analyses of central nervous system structures were conducted using high-performance liquid chromatography to determine neurotransmitter levels and metabolites.

    Betanin improved motor and cognitive functions in treated mice. While learning ability remained unchanged, the 50 mg/kg dose alleviated spatial memory deficits. Biochemically, betanin moderately limited dopamine depletion and significantly influenced dopamine metabolism and serotonin levels. These findings suggest that betanin, as a functional food component, may exert neuroprotective effects and support cognitive and motor function in neurodegenerative conditions such as Parkinsons.

    ******

    • Beta vulgaris: The plant (beetroot/sugar beet).
    • Betalains: The natural pigments (found inside the beet)

    Indian J Pharmacol. 2015 Jul-Aug;47(4):403-8. Neuroprotective potential of Beta vulgaris L. in Parkinson’s disease

    Abstract

    Objective: The objective was to investigate the neuroprotective role of Beta vulgaris in Parkinson’s disease (PD).

    Materials and methods: PD was induced by administration of reserpine (5 mg/kg/day, i.p for 5 consecutive days), haloperidol (1 mg/kg, i.p.), and tacrine (2.5 mg/kg, i.p.) in experimental animals. The symptoms of PD such as tremors, akinesia, rigidity, catalepsy, and vacuous chewing movements (VCMs) were evaluated. Foot shock-induced aggression (FSIA) model was used to confirm anti-parkinsonian activity. The methanolic extract of Beta vulgaris (MEBV) was administered at doses of 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg, p.o. The combination of L-dopa and carbidopa was used as a standard drug. Behavioral studies such as locomotor activity and grip strength were determined, and oxidative stress was evaluated in FSIA model in rat brain.

    Results: Pretreatment with MEBV (200 and 300 mg/kg) significantly reduced the intensity of muscular rigidity, duration of catalepsy, akinesia, the number of tremors, VCMs, and increase fighting behavior. The locomotor activity and grip strength were significantly increased by MEBV. In FSIA, the biochemical analysis of brain revealed the increased level of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and decreased levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). MEBV significantly reduced LPO level and restored the defensive antioxidant enzymes SOD and CAT in rat brain.

    Conclusions: The results indicated the protective role of B. vulgaris against PD.

    Robert Rodgers PhD
    Founder 2004
    Parkinsons Recovery ®
    https://www.parkinsonsdisease.me

    Bacopa Benefits for Parkinsons

    Bacopa monnieri (commonly called bacopa) is a perennial herb that has been used for centuries in Indian Ayurveda traditional medicine. Abstracts of studies included below discuss the many Bacopa benefits for Parkinsons and Alzheimers.

    I learned about Bacopa as a treatment for Parkinsons from an interview with herbalist Andrew Bentley. He said …

    There are certain things that are fundamentally helpful with getting the nervous system to repair itself. One of the things I use in that capacity is an herb called Bacopa. Bacopa comes to us from the traditional medicine of India. As such it has a very long documented history of use for helping the nervous system repair itself.”

    Recent Studies List A Variety of Bacopa Benefits for Parkinsons.

    Nutrients. 2025 Jun 5;17(11):1939. Bacopa monnieri: Preclinical and Clinical Evidence of Neuroactive Effects, Safety of Use and the Search for Improved Bioavailability

    Abstract

    Bacopa monnieri, also known as Brahmi or Waterhyssop, is a plant used in Ayurveda for its memory-enhancing properties and control of blood sugar levels. It contains active compounds such as alkaloids, saponins, and cucurbitacins, which have various biological activities.

    The plant has been studied for its potential in treating Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and depression.

    Animal studies have shown promising results in reducing symptoms and protecting against neurodegeneration. Concerning safety, Bacopa monnieri has been found to be generally non-toxic, with no serious side effects reported. However, interactions with certain medications and contraindications in conditions like hyperthyroidism should be considered.

    ******

    Curr Pharm Des. 2024;30(13):1016-1030. Investigating Bacopa monnieri L. Therapeutic Potential for the Treatment of Neurological Diseases

    Abstract

    The popular perennial creeping plant known as Bacopa monnieri (also known as Brahmi) is being utilized in the Indian Ayurvedic medicine practice. It has a variety of bioactive phytoconstituents that have been used therapeutically to treat a number of serious illnesses.

    Ancient Vedic scholars used this herb because of its pharmacological effects, particularly as a nerve booster and nootropic supporter. However, it is vital to comprehend the active phytochemical components of Bacopa monnieri extract (BME) and their molecular mechanisms in order to better grasp the effect of BME on neurological illnesses and diseases.

    Numerous clinical investigations indicated that BME may have neuroprotective benefits, so it is worthwhile to re-evaluate this wellknown plant.

    Here, we focused on neurological problems as we examined the pharmacological and phytochemical characteristics of BME. For their effective usage in neuroprotection and cognition, many clinical concerns and the synergistic potential of Bacopa extract have been investigated.

    Alzheimer’s disease is a neurological condition caused by the production of reactive oxygen species, which also causes amyloid-beta (A?) and tau protein aggregation and increases neuro-inflammation and neurotoxicity. Our review offers a more indepth molecular understanding of the neuroprotective functions of BME, which can also be connected to its therapeutic management of neurological illnesses and cognitive-improving effects.

    ******

    J Med Food. 2023 Feb;26(2):114-119. Bacopa monnieri in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease: A Pilot Study

    Abstract

    Purpose of Study: Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. could be of interest in the control of symptoms of Parkinson’s disease, but clinical evidence of its efficacy is lacking. This clinical trial assessed the effects of an extract of B. monnieri on parameters that are related to Parkinson’s diseases.

    Design: Twenty volunteers with Parkinson’s disease were recruited for a primary, interventional, controlled, parallel, double-blind clinical study. The volunteers were assigned to treatment with either a commercial B. monnieri extract (225 or 450 mg/day) or placebo. The Parkinson’s Disease Quality-of-Life (PDQL) questionnaire was applied, and motor activity was assessed before treatment and 30, 60, and 90 days after treatment with the B. monnieri extract or placebo. Characteristics such as age, body weight, and height were also collected. No differences in parkinsonian and systemic symptoms, emotional function, or social function were observed between.

    Results: The delta percent (?%) showed time-dependent improvements in emotional function with B. monnieri treatment at the daily dose of 450 mg. A strong correlation was found between quality of life and motor outcomes at baseline and 30 days of treatment with B. monnieri, and a moderate correlation for 60 and 90 days of treatment with B. monnieri when compared with baseline time. A moderate correlation was found between motor outcomes and Hoehn and Yahr stages at baseline.

    Conclusion. Our results suggest that B. monnieri extract can improve emotional function in Parkinson’s disease patients.

    Robert Rodgers PhD
    Founder 2004
    Parkinsons Recovery ®
    https://www.parkinsonsdisease.me

    Cannabidiol CBD Offers Relief from Parkinson’s Symptoms

    As my video preview below explains, studies report that Cannabidiol CBD offers relief from Parkinson’s symptoms. Annual Parkinsons Recovery surveys also report success with reversing Parkinson’s symptoms when taking CBD oil. It is one of the most frequently listed therapies reported to be useful to members of the Parkinsons Recovery audience.

    CBD stands for “cannabidiol oil”. It is extracted from either the Hemp plant or the Marijuana plant. Using CBD allows the medical benefits of medical marijuana without the high that is associated with THC. CBD in itself has no psychedelic properties and is considered safe for consumption
     

    Abstracts of recent CBD studies and posted at the bottom of this post. Taken together, studies find that CBD …

    • Protects dopaminergic neurons
    • Reduces neuro-inflammation and oxidative stress
    • Improves motor symptoms
    • Increases REM sleep
    • Reduces insomnia episodes
    • Enhances mood
    • Reduces fatigue
    • Reduces chronic pain
    • Helpful for stroke victims.

    About Alovea Entourage Cannabidiol CBD

    Alovea Entourage contain plant-derived cannabinoids, distinct from endocannabinoids that are produced in the body and synthetic cannabinoids. It includes Acemannan, an extract from the Aloe plant, to help the body’s management of mood, memory, sleep and joint health.

    SYMBIOTIC IMMUNE SUPPORT

    There are many products that have been formulated with additional ingredients to provide support for specific benefits like improved sleep, mood and joint health. One of the most profound impacts has come from the addition of immune modulating aloe vera Acemannan.

    Combining the immune modulating fractions of Acemannan with high quality CBD hemp oil provides a symbiotic impact (1 + 1 = 4) that can dramatically enhance overall immune support.

    PATENT-PENDING FORMULA INCLUDES:

    • Organic Broad Spectrum Hemp Oil
    • Super critical CO2 extraction
    • Each batch tested to ensure 0.0% THC
    • Absorption increased by 5-7 times over other hemp oil products with water compatible nanotechnology
    • Enhanced Entourage Effect through proprietary terpene blend
    • Symbiotic effect with the highest rated immune modulating Alovéa AE (Acemannan Extract)
    • Wonderful cinnamon and tropical flavors!

    Recent CBD (Cannabidiol) Research Studies

    Clinical research on CBD (cannabidiol) includes studies of anxiety, cognition, movement disorders, and pain. Abstracts of recent studies are included below.

    Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2026 Feb 17;19(2):330. Cannabidiol in Neurology: Current Insights and Translational Perspectives

    Abstract

    Cannabidiol (CBD) is one of the most studied compounds of Cannabis sativa and has attracted significant interest due to its therapeutic and beneficial properties, which have been confirmed in numerous preclinical and clinical studies over the last few years.

    A great advantage of CBD over the other widely known Cannabis sativa ingredient, ?-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), is that CBD does not exert intoxicating and psychoactive effects, making it an attractive candidate for therapeutic applications in neurological disorders.

    CBD has been shown to exert antioxidant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects, with therapeutic potential for various neurological conditions. To date, the only drug that consists solely of highly purified CBD is Epidiolex, which is used in the management of severe forms of epilepsy such as Dravet syndrome and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Another legal medication containing CBD (albeit with the addition of THC) is Sativex, used to alleviate spasticity in multiple sclerosis.

    Besides epilepsy, preclinical data suggest that CBD alone may be potentially beneficial in treating chronic pain, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, or stroke.

    The safety profile of CBD is generally considered favorable, as the most commonly reported adverse effects are mild (e.g., somnolence, diarrhea).

    ******

    Cannabis Cannabinoid Res. 2026 Feb;11(1):11-29. Unveiling Neurological Benefits: A Review of Hemp Leaf, Flower, Seed Oil Extract, and Their Phytochemical Properties in Neurological Disorders

    Abstract

    Neurological disorders such as epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and multiple sclerosis present significant global health care challenges, with complex pathophysiology and limited therapeutic options that often carry substantial side effects.

    Hemp-derived compounds, particularly from Cannabis sativa seeds, leaves, and flowers, have gained attention for their potential neuroprotective properties. This review aims to synthesize the current evidence surrounding the therapeutic benefits of hemp-derived compounds, focusing on their bioactive phytochemical profiles, mechanisms of action, and therapeutic efficacy in treating neurological disorders.

    A comprehensive review of pre-clinical and clinical studies was conducted, analyzing the phytochemical composition of hemp extracts, including cannabinoids (such as cannabidiol, CBD), terpenes, flavonoids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids. We explored their mechanisms of action through interactions with the endocannabinoid system, neurotransmitter receptors, inflammatory pathways, and oxidative stress mechanisms.

    The review highlights the therapeutic potential of hemp-derived extracts in mitigating various neurological conditions. Pre-clinical and clinical studies have demonstrated their efficacy in reducing seizure frequency in epilepsy, protecting dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson’s disease, alleviating neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in Alzheimer’s disease, and promoting remyelination in multiple sclerosis.

    The entourage effect, where cannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids work synergistically, enhances these therapeutic effects. Innovations in extraction technologies have optimized yield and preserved bioactivity, further enhancing clinical relevance.

    Hemp-derived compounds exhibit significant neuroprotective and therapeutic potential for managing neurological disorders.

    ******

    J Clin Sleep Med. 2025 Jan 1;21(1):69-80. Effects of a cannabidiol/terpene formulation on sleep in individuals with insomnia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, crossover study

    Abstract

    Study objectives: Cannabidiol (CBD) is increasingly used as a health supplement, though few clinical studies have demonstrated benefits. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of an oral CBD-terpene formulation on sleep physiology in individuals with insomnia.

    Methods: In this double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial, 125 individuals with insomnia received an oral administration of CBD (300 mg) and terpenes (1 mg each of linalool, myrcene, phytol, limonene, ?-terpinene, ?-terpineol, ?-pinene, and ?-caryophyllene) for ? 4 days/wk over 4 weeks using a crossover design. The study medication was devoid of ?9-tetrahydrocannabinol. The primary outcome measure was the percentage of time participants spent in the combination of slow-wave sleep (SWS) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep stages, as measured by a wrist-worn sleep-tracking device.

    Results: This CBD-terpene regimen marginally increased the mean nightly percentage of time participants spent in SWS + REM sleep compared to the placebo (mean [standard error], 1.3% [0.60%]; 95% confidence interval, 0.1-2.5%; P = .03).

    More robust increases were observed in participants with low baseline SWS + REM sleep, as well as in day sleepers. For select participants, the increase in SWS + REM sleep averaged as much as 48 minutes/night over a 4-week treatment period. This treatment had no effect on total sleep time, resting heart rate, or heart rate variability, and no adverse events were reported.

    Conclusions: Select CBD-terpene ratios may increase SWS + REM sleep in some individuals with insomnia and may have the potential to provide a safe and efficacious alternative to over-the-counter sleep aids and commonly prescribed sleep medications.

    ******

    J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2025 Jul;47(7):102839. Cannabidiol Use and Perceptions of Effectiveness in Women With Chronic Pelvic Pain

    Abstract

    Objectives: To investigate cannabidiol (CBD) use in women with chronic pelvic pain and nociplastic pain, as represented by a diagnosis of fibromyalgia, including impact on pain and associated symptoms, substitutions for other medications, and side effects.

    Methods: This was a cross-sectional study using data derived from an online survey distributed through the National Fibromyalgia Association between April and May of 2020. This secondary analysis was limited to participants with concurrent chronic pelvic pain diagnoses. Participants were asked about their history of CBD use and sub-grouped by use patterns.

    Results: Of 1382 included participants, 501 (36.3%) were in the “Never Use” group, 404 (29.2%) were in the “Past Use” but not “Current Use” group and 477 (34.5%) were in the “Current Use” group. Of 477 participants in the “Current Use” group, 80.9% (n = 386) reported pain improvement. The most common indications for current CBD use were pain, insomnia, and anxiety. Participants who reported pain improvement were more likely to report improved sleep (P < 0.001), anxiety (P < 0.001), depression (P = 0.001), fatigue (P < 0.001), overall health (P < 0.001), and substitution of CBD for at least 1 other medication (P = 0.003) than those who reported no pain improvement. About half of the participants reported side effects, most of which were minor with the most common being drowsiness (n = 138, 29%).

    Conclusions: Two-thirds of participants with concurrent chronic pelvic pain and fibromyalgia have used CBD. Improved pain with CBD use correlated with improvement in other symptom domains, such as sleep, mood, fatigue, and overall health. A large proportion of those using CBD reported substituting it for higher-risk medications.

    Cannabis Cannabinoid Res. 2023 Oct;8(5):716-730.Cannabinoids in Treating Parkinson’s Disease Symptoms: A Systematic Review of Clinical Studies


    Abstract

    Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a serious neurodegenerative condition impacting many individuals worldwide. There is a need for new non-invasive treatments of PD. Cannabinoids in the form of cannabidiol (CBD) and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) may offer utility as treatment, and our objective was hence to conduct a systematic review regarding the clinical evidence for the efficacy and safety of cannabinoids in treating PD.

    Methods: Screening, data extraction, and quality assessments were all conducted by multiple reviewers, with discrepancies resolved by consensus.

    Results: After conducting searches in 4 different databases, 673 articles were screened. Thirteen articles were deemed eligible for inclusion in this review. It was shown that cannabis, CBD, and nabilone (a synthetic form of THC) were capable of consistently improving motor symptoms more than a placebo. All treatments improved various non-motor symptoms, particularly with cannabis improving pain intensity, and CBD improving psychiatric symptoms in a dose-dependent manner. Adverse effects were usually minor, and, in the case of CBD, rare (except at very high doses).

    Conclusion: Cannabinoids have been shown to safely offer important potential in treating motor symptoms in PD and some non-motor symptoms.

    Robert Rodgers PhD
    Founder 2004
    Parkinsons Recovery ®
    https://www.parkinsonsrecovery.com
    robert@parkinsonsrecovery.com

    Membrane Lipid Replacement


    The Mitochondrial Theory of Aging posits that aging stems from mitochondrial damage produced during energy metabolism. A vicious cycle results when faulty mitochondria damage DNA, proteins, and lipids. Cellular dysfunction and aging result. Membrane Lipid Replacement helps to reverse the damage to mitochondria due to aging and illnesses like Parkinsons.

    Mitochondria are the power house of cells. Ninety percent (90%) of energy is produced by them. They are the primary defense for viruses and toxins. There can be thousands of mitochondria in each cell. Cells in the heart muscle have the most with many as 5,000 in each cell.

    Mitochondria are easily stressed given their tiny size and the fact cells are so small to begin with. Effectiveness and survival are easily threatened. This, simply put, shortens life spans and leads to illness and disease.

    All mitochondria sustain damage over time. As we enter into the later stages of our lives, damaged mitochondria can no longer provide the energy necessary to maintain memory compared to mitochondria at younger stages of our lives. This explains why fatigue can be a challenge for individuals in the later stages of their life.

    A 90-year-old person may have lost up to one-half of the mitochondrial function that they had as a young adult. This means that the brains of older people can tire more easily which results in temporary confusion , memory loss and fatigue.

    Exercise helps restore and maintain the integrity of mitochondria. It stimulates the movement of oxygen and nutrients to the brain and ultimately to nerve cells in the brain. However, exercise alone cannot make an old brain young again.

    The structure and function of mitochondria can be restored with Membrane Lipid Replacement. a therapy discussed in my interview with Natural Pharmacist Ross Pelton posted above.

    Membrane Lipid Replacement is designed to:

    • 1) improve mitochondrial function,
      (2) reduce fatigue and
      (3) Increase the bioavailability of nutrients.

    For more information and to order from the source Ross mentioned in the video: https://ntfactor.com/
    Enter the coupon code healers10 to claim a 10% discount.

    For a listing of the many research studies on Membrane Lipid Replacement visit: www.ntfactor.com/research

    Research on Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Parkinsons

    Membranes (Basel). 2021 Nov 29;11(12):944. Fundamentals of Membrane Lipid Replacement: A Natural Medicine Approach to Repairing Cellular Membranes and Reducing Fatigue, Pain, and Other Symptoms While Restoring Function in Chronic Illnesses and Aging

    Abstract

    Membrane Lipid Replacement (MLR) uses natural membrane lipid supplements to safely replace damaged, oxidized lipids in membranes in order to restore membrane function, decrease symptoms and improve health.

    Oral MLR supplements contain mixtures of cell membrane glycerolphospholipids, fatty acids, and other lipids, and can be used to replace and remove damaged cellular and intracellular membrane lipids. Membrane injury, caused mainly by oxidative damage, occurs in essentially all chronic and acute medical conditions, including cancer and degenerative diseases, and in normal processes, such as aging and development.

    After ingestion, the protected MLR glycerolphospholipids and other lipids are dispersed, absorbed, and internalized in the small intestines, where they can be partitioned into circulating lipoproteins, globules, liposomes, micelles, membranes, and other carriers and transported in the lymphatics and blood circulation to tissues and cellular sites where they are taken in by cells and partitioned into various cellular membranes.

    Once inside cells, the glycerolphospholipids and other lipids are transferred to various intracellular membranes by lipid carriers, globules, liposomes, chylomicrons, or by direct membrane-membrane interactions. The entire process appears to be driven by ‘bulk flow’ or mass action principles, where surplus concentrations of replacement lipids can stimulate the natural exchange and removal of damaged membrane lipids while the replacement lipids undergo further enzymatic alterations.

    Clinical studies have demonstrated the advantages of MLR in restoring membrane and organelle function and reducing fatigue, pain, and other symptoms in chronic illness and aging patients.

    ******

    Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2025 Jul 28:a041891. The Mitochondrial Connection in Parkinson’s Disease

    Abstract

    Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles with complex structural features that perform several essential cellular functions, including energy production by oxidative phosphorylation, regulation of calcium and lipid homeostasis, and control of programmed cell death.

    Given their critical role, alterations in mitochondrial biology can lead to neuronal dysfunction and death. Defects in mitochondrial respiration, especially in oxidative energy production, have long been thought to be implicated in the etiology and pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease.

    Given the multifaceted roles of mitochondria in health and diseases, the putative role of mitochondria in Parkinson’s disease likely extends well beyond defective respiration. As such, mitochondrial dysfunction represents a promising target for disease-modifying therapies in Parkinson’s disease and related conditions.

    ******

    Discoveries (Craiova). 2016 Feb 18;4(1):e54. Clinical Uses of Membrane Lipid Replacement Supplements in Restoring Membrane Function and Reducing Fatigue in Chronic Diseases and Cancer

    Abstract

    Membrane Lipid Replacement is the use of functional oral supplements containing cell membrane glycerolphospholipids and antioxidants to safely replace damaged membrane lipids that accumulate during aging and in various chronic and acute diseases. Most if not all clinical conditions and aging are characterized by membrane phospholipid oxidative damage, resulting in loss of membrane and cellular function.

    Clinical trials have shown the benefits of Membrane Lipid Replacement supplements in replenishing damaged membrane lipids and restoring mitochondrial function, resulting in reductions in fatigue in aged subjects and patients with a variety of clinical diagnoses.

    Recent observations have indicated that Membrane Lipid Replacement can be a useful natural supplement strategy in a variety of conditions: chronic fatigue, such as found in many diseases and disorders; fatiguing illnesses (fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome); chronic infections (Lyme disease and mycoplasmal infections); cardiovascular diseases; obesity, metabolic syndrome and diabetes; neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer’s disease); neurobehavioral diseases (autism spectrum disorders); fertility diseases; chemical contamination (Gulf War illnesses); and cancers (breast, colorectal and other cancers).

    Membrane Lipid Replacement provides general membrane nutritional support during aging and illness to improve membrane function and overall health without risk of adverse effects.

    Robert Rodgers PhD
    Founder 2004
    Parkinsons Recovery ®
    https://www.parkinsonsrecovery.com
    robert@parkinsonsrecovery.com

    Elderberry Benefits for Parkinsons

    Elderberry, which comes from the Sambucus tree, is a complex of plants native to most of Europe. Common names include elder, elderberry, black elder, European elder, European elderberry, and European black elderberry. Many people are unaware of the elderberry benefits for Parkinsons.

    Elderberry (Sambucus nigra) is commonly taken by individuals to support immune function. Studies find it shortens the duration of cold and flu symptoms and reduces their severity. Recent research suggests it is also useful as a treatment for brain health.

    Rich in antioxidants like anthocyanins, Elderberry reduces inflammation and fights oxidative stress, both of which are associated with Parkinson’s symptoms.

    In light of recent research on Elderberry to treat Parkinson’s symptoms, it is one of the supplements among others that is beneficial to treat Parkinsons symptoms and merits further consideration and discussion with your doctor. This would be especially the case if inflammation is one of the factors identified by you and your doctor that needs to be treated and addressed.

    Elderberry is available as an over the counter supplement and does not require a prescription from a doctor.

    Research on Elderberry Benefits for Parkinsons

    Int J Mol Sci. 2024 Jul 18;25(14):7843. Genus Sambucus (Elderberry): Exploring Its Potential as a Functional Food Ingredient with Neuroprotective Properties Mediated by Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Mechanisms

    Abstract

    The genus Sambucus, mainly Sambucus nigra, has emerged as a valuable source of bioactive compounds with potential neuroprotective properties. This review explores the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroregenerative effects of Sambucus-derived compounds and their implications for brain health and cognitive function.

    In vitro studies have demonstrated the ability of Sambucus extracts to mitigate oxidative stress, modulate inflammatory responses, and promote neural stem cell proliferation and differentiation.

    In vivo studies using animal models of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s, have shown that Sambucus compounds can improve cognitive function, motor performance, and neuronal survival while attenuating neuroinflammation and oxidative damage.

    The neuroprotective effects of Sambucus are primarily attributed to its rich content of polyphenols, particularly anthocyanins, which exert their benefits through multiple mechanisms. These include the modulation of signaling pathways involved in inflammation, apoptosis, mitochondrial function, and oxidative stress.

    This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of research on the neuroprotective potential of Sambucus and its derivatives, offering valuable insights for the development of dietary strategies to promote brain health and prevent age-related cognitive decline.

    Robert Rodgers PhD
    Founder 2004
    Parkinsons Recovery ®
    Road to Recovery from Parkinsons Disease

    Smile Therapy


    Hypomimia or “facial masking” is a restriction in the ability of an individual to express their emotions with facial expressions. The individual has a frozen, blank stare, despite the fact that intense feelings may be experienced. Smile therapy has is shown by research to thaw a frozen face.

    Is there any reason to bother with doing smile therapy when facial masking is not an issue for you? My surprise answer is yes. A recent discovery is that smile therapy also improves gait disturbances.

    • Why in the world might this be the case?
    • How can flexible movements in a persons face improve gait disturbances?

    A primary cause of gait disturbances is a compromised digestive system. As it turns out, the stomach meridian connects multiple point on the face to both feet. We actually do not need to see more evidence evidence to realize improving facial expressions go hand in hand with improving gait disturbances.

    What is Smile Therapy?

    Smile therapy consists of exercises to facilitate the ability of a person to express their emotions. Exercises encourage the active, voluntary movement of facial muscles to combat facial rigidity.

    Smile training involves facial muscle exercises to improve gait speed and reduce slowness of movement. Exercises involve making “surprised” faces and performing “silly” fish-like faces to stretch the muscles around the mouth, eyes and forehead.

    Research on the Connection between Smile Therapy and Gait Disturbances

    Phys Ther Res. 2024;27(3):173-179. Effects of Smile Training on Gait Disturbance in Parkinson’s Disease Patient with Neuropsychiatric Symptoms: A Single Case Design

    Abstract

    Objective: To verify the efficacy of smile training in improving gait disturbances in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) exhibiting neuropsychiatric symptoms.

    Methods: A single-case design with three intervention periods (B1, A1, and B2) was used. During periods B1 and B2, 10 min of smile training (facial muscles training and positive thinking training) was performed before the usual exercise therapy. During the A1 period, the participant received only the usual exercise therapy. During the intervention period, the Timed Up and Go test (TUG) was performed daily in both directions. Tau-U was calculated to determine the effect size of the TUG test time and the number of steps taken during each period.

    Movement Disorder Society-Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) Part III, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), 10-meter walk at maximum speed, Berg Balance Scale, and Characterizing Freezing of Gait Questionnaire (C-FOGQ) were administered on the day before the start of the intervention and the last day of each period.

    Results: Comparisons of A1 to B2, TUG time, and the number of steps taken on both turns revealed large reductions (Tau-U ?0.74, p <0.01). The 10-meter walk speed and MDS-UPDRS Part III bradykinesia scores improved, whereas the frequency of gait freezing on the C-FOGQ remained unchanged. The HADS scores did not show significant changes; however, the participant made more positive statements in his reflections.

    Conclusion: Smile training may be an effective intervention for improving gait and other motor symptoms in patients with PD.

    Robert Rodgers PhD
    Founder 2004
    Parkinsons Recovery®
    https://www.parkinsonsdisease.me

    Suvia Mouth Wash

    The mouth is subject to various insults that result in troublesome symptoms such as ulcers, cuts, burns, etc.  These can be caused by hot or sharp foods, infections or dental treatments. Suvia mouth wash is a natural treatment with no side effects that protects the health of not only your mouth but your entire digestive system.

    Why discuss issues with oral health when  the focus of Parkinsons Recovery has always been on natural options to help persons find natural treatments for troublesome neurological challenges?

    Answer: The health of the mouth affects the rest of the body. Digestive issues, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, cardiovascular diseases and  neurodegenerative diseases are well known to be affected by health sores and infections. If you have been unable to bring your digestive system back on line, the problem may well reside with infections in your mouth.

    Below is a replay of my interview in 2018 with the developer of Suvia Dr. John Hall who discusses the scientific basis behind the development of Suvia as well as the many uses and benefits provided by this natural way to rejuvenate and regenerate health of the mouth.  He makes reference to his formulation as TheraGel. The name has since been changed to Suvia but it is the same mouth wash.

    I have personally used Suvia and can report it is the real deal. For more information and to order visit: Suvia

    From hot foods to dental care to brushing and flossing to braces and dentures your mouth takes a beating. Suvia adheres to oral tissue, forming a protective barrier that manages pain while maintaining the environment required for optimal wound healing.

    Unlike traditional mouthwashes with alcohol and harsh chemicals, Suvia uses 100% natural food ingredients to work with your mouth, not against it.

    Suvia provides pain relief, protects wounded areas from contamination, and optimizes healing. It is drug-free and non-toxic and is safe to swallow. Not only does it provide excellent pain relief, but it can be also incorporated into the oral hygiene regimen to help keep the mouth clean and healthy.

    Robert Rodgers PhD
    Founder 2004
    Parkinsons Recovery

    Treating Anxiety with Ashwagandha

    Treating anxiety with ashwagandha is a recommendation backed up by sound research evidence. Several recent review studies conclude the herbal remedy ashwagandha reduces anxiety, supports restful sleep and improves overall cognitive functioning.

    What is Ashwagandha?

    Withania somnifera is an evergreen shrub cultivated in tropical and subtropical areas of Asia, Africa, and Europe. It is called ashwagandha because the plant’s roots smell like a wet horse. The word “ashwa” means horse and the word “gandha” means smell.

    Ashwagandha root has been used in the traditional Ayurvedic medicine in India as an adaptogen, a compound that increases a person’s ability to become resilient to biological, physical or chemical stressors. Most of the commercial ashwagandha supplements contain extracts from the plant’s root. Some contain extracts from both the root and leaf.

    My Shut Down Anxiety online course covers a variety of different ways to shut down anxiety, the key to celebrating relief from symptoms. Information and course registration is available at: Shut Down Anxiety. Enter the coupon code succeed to claim a 50% discount off of the course tuition.

    Studies Recommend Treating Anxiety with Ashwagandha

    Results from clinical trials suggest that ashwagandha reduces stress and anxiety. A 2021 systematic review of the research evidence identified seven studies that investigated the use of ashwagandha to treat stress and anxiety.

    A total of 491 adults, all from India, with either self-reported high stress and anxiety or a diagnosed anxiety disorder were randomized to take ashwagandha or placebo for 6 to 8 weeks.

    Studies found that ashwagandha significantly reduced stress and anxiety levels, reduced fatigue and reduced the stress hormone cortisol when compared with placebo. In several studies, the benefits appeared to be greater with doses of 500 to 600 mg/day than with lower doses.

    The more recent meta-analytic reviews of Ashwagandha studies listed below confirm results of the earlier 2021 review summarized above that conclude Ashwagandha has a beneficial impact on shutting down anxiety.

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    Explore (NY). 2024 Nov-Dec;20(6):103062. Effects of Ashwagandha (Withania Somnifera) on stress and anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis

    Abstract

    Background: Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) is an adaptogenic herb used to prevent and treat psychosomatic disorders. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the effects and safety of Ashwagandha on psychosomatic functions related to stress and anxiety among patients.

    Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE, PubMed, PsychINFO, and the Cochrane Library for articles published from January 2000 to January 2022. Randomized controlled trials that examined the effects of Ashwagandha on stress and anxiety were included. Two authors independently extracted all relevant data from the included studies. Both subjective and objective measures of stress and anxiety were assessed as outcome variables.

    Result: Nine randomized controlled trials involving 558 patients were eligible for this study. The findings of the meta-analysis showed a significant effect of Ashwagandha formulations on the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) (MD = -4.72, 95 % CI = [-8.45 to -0.99]), Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAS) (MD = -2.19, 95 % CI = [-3.83 to -0.55]), and serum cortisol levels (MD = -2.58, 95 % CI = [-4.99 to -0.16]) compared to the placebo group. Among the included studies, four reported mild to moderate adverse events.

    Conclusion: The findings from the included studies indicate that Ashwagandha formulations have beneficial effects on stress and anxiety.

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    Phytother Res. 2022 Nov;36(11):4115-4124. Does Ashwagandha supplementation have a beneficial effect on the management of anxiety and stress? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

    Abstract

    Background: Clinical trial studies revealed conflicting results on the effect of Ashwagandha extract on anxiety and stress. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the effect of Ashwagandha supplementation on anxiety as well as stress.

    Method: A systematic search was performed in PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and Google Scholar from inception until December 2021. We included randomized clinical trials (RCTs) that investigate the effect of Ashwagandha extract on anxiety and stress. The overall effect size was pooled by random-effects model and the standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval (CIs) for outcomes were applied.

    Overall, 12 eligible papers with a total sample size of 1,002 participants and age range between 25 and 48 years were included in the current systematic review and meta-analysis.

    Results: We found that Ashwagandha supplementation significantly reduced anxiety (SMD: -1.55, 95% CI: -2.37, -0.74; p = .005; I2 = 93.8%) and stress level (SMD: -1.75; 95% CI: -2.29, -1.22; p = .005; I2 = 83.1%) compared to the placebo. Additionally, the non-linear dose-response analysis indicated a favorable effect of Ashwagandha supplementation on anxiety until 12,000 mg/d and stress at dose of 300-600 mg/d.

    Conclusion: The current systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of RCTs revealed a beneficial effect in both stress and anxiety following Ashwagandha supplementation

    Robert Rodgers PhD
    Founder 2004
    Parkinsons Recovery ®
    https://www.blog.parkinsonsrecovery.com
    robert@parkinsonsrecovery.com

    Facial Masking Cause

    Facial masking (hypomimia) is a symptom confronted by some individuals diagnosed with Parkinsons which involves the absence of facial expressions. The individuals may be feeling happy – but their face is “mask like” showing no expression whatsoever. What then is the facial masking cause?

    Now. If you query AI about the facial masking cause, you will discover that the standard treatment recommendation is to infuse the body with more dopamine using Parkinson’s medications.  Levodopa replaces a deficiency of dopamine which, according to AI (your computer research assistant) restores muscle movement.

    OK – now I ask those of you who are confronted with the symptoms of facial masking – does taking medication improve your ability to smile? Do your eyebrows shift up and down according to your mood?

    If you do not know the answer to these questions, ask a family member or friend.

    “Does my face look any less “mask like” now that I am taking medication?”

    I am of course just guessing about what answer you will hear, but I speculate the answer is no. There has been no change.

    OK. Great. So what is the facial masking cause if not a deficiency of dopamine?

    You will likely be surprised at the answer to this question when watching my short video above. Oh – and incidentally, I am a real person, not AI, who has been researching the causes of Parkinson’s symptoms for over two decades.

    Robert Rodgers PhD
    Founder 2004
    Parkinsons Recovery®
    https://www.parkinsonsrecovery.com
    robert@parkinsonsrecovery.com

    Chlorpyrifos Pesticide is Linked to Parkinsons

    Chlorpyrifos pesticide is linked to Parkinsons in a 2025 recent study posted below. This toxin connects exposure to a 2.5-fold increase in Parkinson’s disease risk even when exposure occurred 10 to 20 years before diagnosis.

    Standard treatments for Parkinsons involve putting medicines and supplements in the body. Results of this 2025 study indicate getting the toxins like Chlorpyrifos out of your body should be a treatment priority. This is one of hundreds of studies that link toxins to symptoms of Parkinsons.

    Although you have likely never even heard of this toxin, agriculture application has been so extensive for decades. Most people have been exposed at one time or another either from eating contaminated foods, breathing air contaminated with chlorpyrifos and even drinking contaminated water. You do not have to live and work on a farm to be exposed.

    Chlorpyrifos Pesticide Linked to Parkinsons

    Mol Neurodegener. 2025 Dec 11;21(1):3. The pesticide chlorpyrifos increases the risk of Parkinson’s disease

    Abstract

    Background: Pesticides as a class have been associated with an increased risk of Parkinson’s disease (PD), but it is unclear which specific pesticides contribute to this association and whether it is causal. Since chlorpyrifos (CPF) exposure has been implicated as a risk factor for PD, we investigated its association to incident PD and if this association is biologically plausible using human, rodent, and zebrafish (ZF) studies.

    Methods: The association of CPF with PD was performed using the UCLA PEG cohort (829 PD and 824 control subjects), the pesticide use report and geocoding the residence and work locations to estimate exposures. For the mammalian studies, 6 months old male mice were exposed to CPF by inhalation (consistent with human exposures) for 11 weeks and behavioral and stereological pathological analyses were performed. Transgenic ZF were utilized to determine the mechanism of CPF neurotoxicity.

    Results: Long-term residential exposure to CPF was associated with more than a 2.5-fold increased risk of developing PD. Mice exposed to aerosolized CPF developed motor impairment, dopaminergic neuron loss, microglial activation, and an increase in pathological ?-synuclein (?-syn). Using ZF, we found that CPF-induced dopaminergic neuron loss was at least partially due to autophagy dysfunction and synuclein accumulation, as knocking down LC3 recapitulated the dopaminergic neuron loss and restoring autophagic flux or eliminating synuclein reduced neuronal vulnerability.

    Conclusions: CPF exposure is associated with an increased risk of developing PD.

    About Chlorpyrifos

    Chlorpyrifos was first introduced to the American market in 1965. Its initial appeal came from its ability to target a wide range of insects using the application of a single product. This made it attractive for both agricultural and residential pest control.

    In 2021, the EPA banned chlorpyrifos use on food. That decision was overturned in November 2023 by the U.S. Court of Appeals. Chlorpyrifos pesticide is once again legally permitted on food crops in the U.S.

    Why does Chlorpyrifos have such a deleterious effect on the neurological system? It blocks an enzyme that regulates communication between and among nerve cells. When this enzyme is inhibited, the nervous system is not able to transmit normal signals. This creates the conditions associated with the symptoms of Parkinsons.

    Robert Rodgers PhD
    Founder 2004
    Parkinsons Recovery ®
    https://www.parkinsonsdisease.me
    robert@parkinsonsrecovery.com

    Should you Detox Every Day?

    Studies over the past several decades have repeatedly confirmed that toxins have a direct impact on Parkinson’s symptoms. For this reason alone I recommend that you make detoxes a daily habit.

    The question of course turns on whether toxins are an issue for you if you currently experience neurological symptoms. Many people tell me that tests for toxins were negative so they conclude there is no reason to bother with detoxes.

    To be sure, you would need to get tested by a health care provider to determine the specifics of toxins embedded in tissues of your body. Tests can inform the best detox remedies for specific toxins. This can certainly make detoxes more efficient and effective when detoxes are customized to eliminate specific ones.

    The downside to this option is that you need to make regular appointments with your doctor who can perform diagnostic testing. While providing helpful information, this approach is expensive, time consuming and stressful.

    I have an alternative approach for you to consider.

    Everyone has toxins in their body in one form or another. Everyone. We live in a toxic world. There is no escape from exposure no matter how hard we try. Toxins we were exposed to many years ago are housed in our liver and our neural pathways. Diagnostic testing may be unable to detect their presence.

    This is not the end of the story when it comes to toxic exposure. We continue to be exposed to new toxins every day from breathing the air in our environment and eating foods that happen to be contaminated with toxins. The problem is never ending.

    The number of toxins that have been associated with Parkinson’s grows by leaps and bounds every year. There are no legal prohibitions from their inclusion in products and foods. Consider a short list of some of the most deadly toxins:

    • Paraquat (a herbicide)
    • rotenone (an insecticide)
    • TCE (trichloroethylene) – found in a broad range of consumer products
    • PERC (perchloroethylene) – a dry cleaning solvent
    • Manganese
    • Agent Orange
    • Chlorpyrifos
    • Dieldrin
    • Lead

    Again – this is the short list!

    My point: You would have won the lottery if you have never been exposed to any of the toxins in the list above. Each one poses an ongoing treat to our sensitive neurological system.

    Why not then make detoxes a daily habit? Spice your dinner food with the following foods that are natural detoxes:

    • ginger
    • cilantro
    • turmeric
    • curcumin

    Or take a natural detox supplement such as:

    • spirulina
    • zeolite
    • chlorella
    • Seaweed
    • Milk thistle

    Consider taking one of the above natural detox supplements for a month or two, then switch to another. Rotate the supplements taken. Each is better at detoxing certain toxins over others. A strategy of rotation tends to eliminate the toxic build up of all the nasty toxins that gum up the ability of the body to function at an optimal level.

    Summary

    I conclude with making the same point at the outset of this post. None of use avoid exposure to toxins which have been linked to Parkinsons. Make detoxes not a one time event, but a daily habit.

    Robert Rodgers PhD
    Founder 2004
    Parkinsons Recovery ®
    https://www.parkinsonsrecovery.com

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